Cross I Lab Report

The purpose of this experiment was to determine if two selected traits of Drosophila melanogaster, dumpy wings and sepia eyes, follow Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance through the F2 generation. Materials and Methods In week one, two crosses were set up. Dumpy females were crossed with sepia males, while dumpy males were crossed with sepia females. The dumpy phenotype consisted of shorter, smaller wings while the sepia phenotype consisted of brown eye color. For these crosses, all females were virgins. These crosses were the P1 generation.These crosses were then incubated until week two. ?In week two, the parents were removed and disposed of. The eggs and larve were left to continue the cross. The crosses were left to continue to incubate until the following week. ?In week three, the flies emerging from each cross of the P1 generation were counted, separated into male and female, and then further separated into phenotype. This marked the completion of the P1 generation. The F1 cros ses were then begun. They were set up in there different ways.In Cross A, F1 females were paired with F1 males. In cross B, F1 virgin females were paired with dumpy sepia males. In the last cross, Cross C, dumpy sepia virgin females were crossed with F1 males. In crosses B and C, only virgin females were used. The virgin females used were obtained from the P1 crosses. Dumpy sepia virgins were acquired from a source outside the experiment. The crosses were left to incubate until week four. ?Week four proceeded much like week two, with the parents being removed and discarded.The eggs and larve were left undisturbed to continue the cross. They were allowed to incubate until the final week, week five. ?In the final week, week five, the flies emerging from the F2 crosses and the backcross were counted, separated into male and female, and then further separated into phenotype just as week three. The crosses were then disposed of. Results F1 x F1 Cross Raw Data Wt Dp Se dpse M F M F M F M F Table 1 26 19 8 9 7 11 2 4 Table 2 Table 3 39 43 7 10 16 25 1 3 Table 4 34 56 17 13 16 16 3 6 Total 99 118 32 32 39 52 6 13

Evolution as Fact & Theory` by Stephen Jay Gould Essay

This article talks about evolution as it relates to science and religion, philosophically. Gould talks about the fact that the arguments for creationism and evolution have not changed much, the science and religion are the same. He links the recent debates opposing the theory of evolution as the result of right wing politics that has taken hold of today’s society and political world. Gould states that today’s politicians talk about â€Å"scientific creationism â€Å"as if it is based in science. The creationists also jump on the term â€Å"theory â€Å"when used by evolutionist as if theory implies proof of guesswork, â€Å"only theory†. Gould explains the term â€Å"theory† as a string of ideas and facts. He provides examples of widely accepted theories in an attempt to debunk the creationist objection to theory. He provides similar explanation of the term â€Å"fact†. Darwin’s theory and detailed explanation are reviewed in the article, as this is central to today’s debate regarding creationism versus evolution. Gould’s view is that creationists attempt to argue against evolution is based entirely on arguing rhetoric. They use an argument style of Popper’s, which focuses on falsifying the evolutionist claims. Gould asserts that what the creationist lack is the ability to assure proves their own principles of creationism. Gould concludes that what keeps creationists firm in their belief system is dogma, not science. Thomas S. Kuhn – The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Like Gould, Kuhn takes on the debate between science and dogma. Kuhn is a scientist, clearly a believer in the scientific process though he takes pains in his article to examine the issues raised by proponents of dogma. Kuhn also believes that the opposition to evolution is based on poking holes in theories and finding loopholes, rather than convincing one with actual science. This article is largely focused on disproving dogma and supporting the scientific method. Kuhn’s overall belief as expressed in the article is that scientific theories always win arguments with dogma. This work includes a discussion on experience and perception and the relationship to presupposition. Kuhn reviews the process of scientific theory and discovery, and the philosophy behind the process.

Movie review of inherit the Wind Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Movie review of inherit the Wind - Essay Example Scopes â€Å"Monkey† Trial (one of the most famous trials in American legal history), which happened in 1925, in order to explore the then current controversy – the McCarthy trials. However, although the movie based a large portion of its scenes from the actual trial transcript, it is still a composite depiction of the Scopes trial. Kramer added several elements to the original tale, adding a love interest here, a fiery character there – all for the sake of embellishments and dramatization of the film and the messages it wanted to convey. The movie explored the subject of individual freethinking and how it was put on trial when a high school biology teacher was charged of illegally teaching Darwinism. The film attacked religious fanaticism and sided with Darwinism, including the ideas that it represented during the time. Three of the points in the film that proved pivotal in the progression of the story and the successful delivery of the message the director wanted to convey include: 1) the many scenes added to open out the courtroom-bound drama such as the separate depiction of the arrivals of the lawyers, establishing the characterization immediately; 2) the climactic scene between the two lawyers wherein Brady forced Drummond to admit that the Bible could be interpreted in a nonliteral fashion, allowing the argument that evolution could be consistent with the biblical account of creation; 3) the religious hymns and folk songs used in the film in an apparent effort to counteract negative criticisms of fundamentalists that the film was anti-Christ. The second point in the film mentioned previously, underscored the role of the two lawyers, Darrow and Bryan, in outlining, explaining and resolving the problem posited by the film. One aspect in the movie that I found unappealing was the extreme stereotyping committed by the movie. For example, Bryan was portrayed as an ignorant, a bigot, and religious fundamentalist. The man was indeed a fundamentalist but that

Should all hacking be banned(Persuasive Paper) Research Paper

Should all hacking be banned(Persuasive ) - Research Paper Example Advancement in technology has made available new communication tools, which enable communication over long distance. The internet is regarded as a source of entertainment, information and communication with activities, which include e-mail, web surfing, shopping and reading news. Internet connections allow easy transfer of a variety of media from one location to another, thus enhancing sharing and building relations among people. It is the increased dependency on computers and internet that fuels cybercrime, which poses an enormous risk to infrastructure that, is dependent on such utilities. The United States ranks first in a list of ten countries known for hacking tendencies as indicated by the table below. Adopted from http://i.huffpost.com/gen/609514/thumbs/o-GLOBAL-HACKING-TOP-TEN-570.jpg?4 Presently, most internet crimes have led to loss of personal information, which is stolen leaving a trail of suffering people. Such heavy damages are usually attributed to hackers or hacker gr oups who derive their gains from gathered information within a short period. Adopted from http://www.csmonitor.com/var/ezflow_site/storage/images/media/images/0426-password-chart/7780968-1-eng-US/0426-password-chart_full_600.jpg?nav=268203-csm_article-leftColRelated It is for such reasons that software companies regularly update their products, which serves to keep the level of vulnerability at all-time low. Moreover, owing to the risks involved, the public is of the opinion that hacking should be banned forgetting the benefits derived from ethical or controlled hacking. Therefore, most people think that hacking is unconditional malicious and are of the opinion that all hacking should be banned. The benefits derived from controlled hacking are critical to national security as well as in maintaining a high standard in electronic products. It is for this reasons that some level of hacking should be permitted while maintaining surveillance on hackers or hacker groups that are deemed ma licious. This paper seeks to highlight positive aspects associated with hacking and how they serve the society. Common beliefs about hacking illustrate hacking as simple operations that involve a sequence of commands, which on the contrary, is a skill. The United States legal definition describes computer hacking as the deliberate access of computer systems without authority or exceeding authorised access. Hacking is the practice of manipulating computer systems and software to perform contrary to what they were initially created for. As such, a hacker presents as a skilful computer programmer or user who uses his ability to gain unauthorised access to data and information. On the other hand, cracking relates to the modifying software with the aim of removing features they deem as limitations to the software’s potential. The targeted features of the software usually include copy protection, date checks, serial numbers and product keys (Negi, 2011).In essence, crackers seek to disable or remove safety measures that often compel computer users to buy original software and products. Crackers often prey on all computer packages ranging from operating systems to games. The crackers then distribute the modified products as pirated versions without charge, which proves to be a headache for software companies due to losses incurred. It is for this reason that software cracking is illegal owing to its malicious nature of their activities. The terms hacker and cracker are often used interchangeably,

Construction Law and Dispute Resolution in the Firm Essay

Construction Law and Dispute Resolution in the Firm - Essay Example In all given circumstances the sub contractor is expected to oblige the stipulations of another entity’s contract. Based on the business conditions or other such stipulations the sub contractor may assume many forms through which he fulfils the instilled obligations of the Employer or main Contractor. In most given circumstances the sub contractor is hired by a general contractor in order to execute specific project objectives. The general contractor generally pays out the sub contractor as per accepted conditions. A general or main contractor may also hire sub contractors in order to mitigate project risks or to reduce the costs. Using this approach the general or main contractor is able to provide better service through lowered costs along with lowered risk on their part. In general construction practice the sub contractors in question are often employed by the same general or main contractors allowing the sub contractor to develop essential expertise. However, there are dif fering legal stipulations when it comes to dealing with different forms of contractors. These can be better understood if the types of sub contractors are classified. This text will attempt to discern the change when a domestic subcontractor is changed into a nominated subcontractor as per the UAE Civil Code and English common law. 2. Sub Contractor Types Sub contractors can be classified in a number of ways but this text will consider classification based on the JCT standard form of contracts1 because the FIDIC method of classifying sub contractors is rather limited. The classified types of sub contractors are2: Domestic subcontractor is any subcontractor who enters into contract with the main contractor in order to provide any goods or services that were required under the main contract. These subcontractors can be seen as employees of the main contractor. Nominated subcontractor is any subcontractor who has been approved of by recommendation from the Engineer, Designer or Archite ct. The main contractor is nonetheless allowed to profit from these subcontracts even if approval stems from the original Employer’s end. Furthermore, the main contractor is responsible for providing the subcontractor attendance including water and power along with other required amenities. Typically the nominated subcontractor is a direct employee of the original Employer. Named subcontractors are effectively the same as domestic subcontractors and are beyond the scope of this discourse. What is the level of liability of the subcontractor? According to the FIDIC red book’s Clause 4.43, the subcontractor cannot be provided with the entire contract for work agreed between the Employer and the main Contractor. If this were done then it would become hard to differentiate between the legal status of the main contractor and the subcontractor. Furthermore, if this were the case then the contention behind subcontracting to minimise risk by distributing it would be lost altoge ther. Thus it can be positively be identified that subcontracting involves transfer of risks as per the dominant view on the issue. However, as per Clause 4.4 of the FIDIC red book the Contractor â€Å"shall be responsible for the acts or defaults of any Subcontractor†4.  

Nigeria issue report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nigeria issue report - Research Paper Example existing there. The majority however, remains Muslims in the north and Christians in the south. From the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, Nigeria built its forts in the areas of economics through regional and international trade, and on agrarian bases. However, the major part of her trade was in slaves. In the 1700s, Nigeria was ridden with the slave trade. Slaves from there were taken to Britain for trade. â€Å"Between 1798 and 1847, 4,300,000 slaves were taken from West Africa of which, the English were chiefly responsible† (African Affairs). This trade slave gave Nigeria revenue which they badly needed then. However, it was the British who abolished cross-border trade in slaves in 1807 that this trade took a hit in Africa, and subsequently, in Nigeria. Nonetheless, slave trade was still an integral part of Nigerian economy, according to Heaton and Falola, in their book, ‘A History of Nigeria’. The Nigerian region was vastly dependent on this slave trade for their economic wealth and political stability, as the leaders used the trade of slaves to promote their campaigns† (Falola). After Great Britain’s fight against human trade, Nigeria shifted to trading products such as spices, palm oil, etc. However, slavery was not wiped out as soon as the 1807 act was passed. The British gained power over the Subcontinent through the East India Company. The same tactic was adopted in Nigeria, where the Royal Niger Company was under the command of the British Government. â€Å"While its existence was of a short period, it played a pivotal role in helping the British take control of Nigeria† (Falola). According to Heaton’s and Falola’s research, Nigeria became part of the British Empire in 1901. The British ruled over Nigeria with their motto the same as in all the other countries that were colonized by them; divide and conquer. Nigeria was ruled as two separate regions, Northern and Southern

Oil Discovery and its effect on democratic growth in Ghana Essay

Oil Discovery and its effect on democratic growth in Ghana - Essay Example Over the last decade, oil explorations in the Atlantic Ocean off to the coast of Western and Southern Africa have ushered the region of Sub-Saharan Africa into an oil boom. There was a rapid incursion of multinational oil companies from around the world seeking to exploit these untouched oil reserves (Jerome 9). This oil boom has given Sub-Saharan countries such as Nigeria, Angola and Sudan great opportunity to turn their situations upside down and steer their country towards a better future. However, in the midst of this great opportunity rest numerous pathologies such as high level of corruption, high risks of civil war, low prevalence of democracy, high poverty rates and poor economic growth (Jerome 9). Thus, the ensuing years of the oil boom was marked by a drastic realization for these countries. When Ghana gained its independence in 1957 from the British, it had one of the strongest economies in Africa. However, years after it gained its independence, numerous domestic problems have caused the economy to drop and further decline till the year 1980. For more than 15 years, Ghana was able to slowly recover through economic reforms and Ghana is now considered as one of the Africa’s brightest prospects. However, what made Ghana attain such status quo is the recent oil discovery in offshore Tan/West Cape three Points Basin in the Western Region of Ghana. Oil companies who led the explorations were Kosmos Energy of US and Tullow Oil of UK under the supervision of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation (GNPC). In an instant, Ghana joined the ranks of its fellow African countries who are also producing oil and it is also expected that for the next two decades, billions of pounds and dollars are expected to pour in Ghana (Lerrick 7). Unfortunately, the excitement did not last long for the people. Once the jubilation was over, people begin to wonder whether it is really oil that their economy needs in order to achieve its goal. Ghanaian

The Credit Crunch Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Credit Crunch - Literature review Example Due to its major significance, the term was included in the latest edition of the Concise Oxford English Dictionary, meaning "an economic condition in which it suddenly becomes difficult and expensive to borrow money" (Oxford University Press,n.d.). A credit crunch is characterized by a shortage of funds in the credit market, resulting in decreased possibilities for credit agreements and increased levels of official interest rates. Economist John Hull (2009) argues that the origins of the credit crunch (which started in the US) can be found in the housing market. "The U.S government was keen to encourage home ownership. Interest rates were low. Mortgage brokers and mortgage lenders found it attractive to do more business by relaxing their lending standards () Banks thought the "good times" would continue and () chose to ignore the housing bubble..." Simply put, people were spending more money than they actually had - an inconsistency that grows into what economists call a "bubble" - the inflation of global property prices. A vicious circle is formed - prices rise, causing the number of credits to rise as well, which in turn makes prices rise even more. At some point, a large number of credits started to default. Property prices began to drop and so the "bubble" burst. On a related note, Mizen (2008, p. 564) points out that the most recent credit crunch was preceded by a prosperous period, which generated a certain degree of carelessness throughout the economy. "Financial innovation had () introduced greater complexity, higher leverage, and weaker underlying assets based on subprime mortgages." Mizen defines a subprime mortgage as a riskier bank product - a loan given to a person with non-standard income or credit profile, which was often mispriced. They provide good returns, compared to other asset classes, and therefore receive high ratings. However, they are not as safe as they seemed because they are tied to house prices. When prices drop, foreclosures becom e more frequent. Losses escalated and banks took measures by lowering credit availability. White (2008, p. 2-3) states that "Borrowers with inadequate income relative to their debts, many of whom had either counted on being able to borrow against a higher house value in the future in order to help them meet their monthly mortgage payments, or on being able to "flip" the property at a price that would more than repay their mortgage, began to default. Default rates on nonprime mortgages rose to unexpected highs. The high risk on the mortgages came back to bite mortgage holders, the financial institutions to whom the monthly payments were owed. Financial institutions that had stocked up on junk mortgages and junk-mortgage-backed securities found their stock prices dropping. The worst cases, like Countrywide Financial, the investment banks Lehman Brothers and Merrill Lynch, and the government-sponsored mortgage purchasers Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, went broke or had to find a last-minu te purchaser to avoid bankruptcy."

Litigation involving Microsoft Corporation Essay

Litigation involving Microsoft Corporation - Essay Example Microsoft is the biggest provider of computer operating systems that facilitate communication and control of an individual’s personal computer. Microsoft also supplies other famous computer programs. Sales that come from the Microsoft software are huge and it is evident that the company is an energetic and a tough competitor. The complexity of determining competitive behavior from the anticompetitive acts is demonstrated by the Microsoft antitrust case. U.S. Department of Justice filed the case and it accused Microsoft Corporation of a variety of anticompetitive practices (Baumol and Blinder 268). The Microsoft antitrust case brings out many issues such as abuse via bottlenecks and bundling. Abuse via bottlenecks can be illustrated by the dominance of the Microsoft Windows. Microsoft Windows is an operating system that is used in almost all the personal computers. Microsoft Windows is a good example of a problem or an issue that is referred to as bottleneck; bottleneck is a pr oduct or a facility that is in the possession of a single company without which the competitor find impossible or difficult to operate. In order to reach majority of the personal computer users, the producer or manufacturer of any spreadsheet, graphics program or a word processor must make use of Windows. It is important to note that there is less likelihood that the competitors or alternative to Windows might capture a large share of consumers. (Baumol and Blinder 280). The existence of the bottleneck is in part due to the fact that Microsoft is largely considered as a good program and its user compatibility is considered desirable. There is need for communication between computer users and this can only be facilitated when they use the same or similar operating systems. In other words, there must be an existence of a network between the users of the computer products for them to be able to communicate effectively with one another and thus, the necessity for compatible software. Su ch a preference offers Microsoft a huge advantage, â€Å"because it already has so many users that a new purchaser who values such compatibility will be reluctant to buy a competing product that will make it more difficult to communicate with those many users of the Microsoft products† (Baumol and Blinder 280). The bottleneck problem or issues arises because Microsoft supplies both the Windows and most of the applications such as Internet Explorer (an internet browser), Excel (this is a spreadsheet program), and Word (this is a word processing program). However, it is worth noting that it is not illegal to become the owner of a bottleneck (Baumol and Blinder 280). The worry about the bottleneck owner (such as Microsoft) is that it uses its bottleneck product (that is, Windows for Microsoft) in a manner that it favors its programs and impairs programs supplied by the competitors (Baumol and Blinder 281). Bundling is described as the pricing agreement under which a substantial discount is offered by the supplier to the consumers if they purchase various products from the firm, â€Å"so that the price of the bundle of products is less than the sum of the prices of the products if they were bought separately† (Baumol and Blinder 281). Bundling can be either legitimate or illegitimate. Microsoft has sponsored its products through the provision of cheap products to computer manufacturers if they purchase Microsoft programs bundles rather than purchasing Windows alone. This form of practice indicates that the rival manufacturers of Internet browsers, spreadsheets, and word processors are disabled in promoting their products to personal computer owners (Baumol and Blinder 281). There are questions regarding the legitimacy and illegitimacy (for

Philosophical Argument Essay Example for Free

Philosophical Argument Essay â€Å"Something must first be said briefly about the moral subjectivism inherent in this analysis. Based on the above, it follows that some things could be immoral for some people and moral (or amoral) for others, since people vary in their values. For example, some people may possess a fundamental value for all animal life of any kind, which would entail not eating meat, not allowing suicide, nor even allowing the removal of life support for a brain-dead patient. But this value system would only exist for them, not for others. However, my analysis does not entail moral relativism in the usual sense, since it is also possible (and I believe it is the case) that some fundamental values are shared by all people, or very nearly all people (I allow some rare exceptions for the sociopath, who is generally regarded as having a mind alien to the vast majority of humankind, devoid of all ordinary moral sentiment). (Carrier)†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The above argument contains two premises: 1) Some people value all forms of life; and 2) All people share some fundamental values. The conclusion is that: Morality is relative. The quoted passage is an example of argument because it expresses a claim which is being supported by the given premises. It can be said that morality is relative because people have different perspective about the value of life – (that while others do not admit any sort of action that would not promote life as morally permissible, others welcome the fact that every person has a right to make a decision about how he would like to treat his life or whatsoever). â€Å"From a point of view outside of this affair, the killing of a neurologically inactive fetus is no greater a harm than the killing of a mouse, and in fact decidedly lessa mouse is neurologically active, and though it lacks a complex cerebral cortex, it has a brain of suitable complexity to perceive pain (and I would argue that the mouse deserves some moral consideration, though less than humans). A fetus cannot perceive pain (and perception is not quite the same thing as sensation: sensation can exist without a brain, but perception cannot). The neural structures necessary to register and record sensations of pain transmitted by the appropriate nerves either do not exist or are not functioning before the fifth month of gestation. A fetus can no more feel pain than a surgical patient under general anasthesia, or a paraplegic whose lower-body nerves continue reacting to stimuli, but cease sending signals to the brain. And we have already established that a fetus does not contain an individual human personality of any kind, any more than a brain-dead adult does. With no perception of pain, and no loss of an individual personality, the act of abortion causes no immediate harm. (Carrier†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second passage is another example of an argument. It has three premises; 1) Fetus is neurologically inactive; 2) Fetus does not feel pain; 3) Fetus does not possess individual personality. The conclusion suggests that: Abortion causes no harm. Obviously, the established premises attempt to prove the conclusion. Since fetus cannot react to any form of stimuli as how a surgical patient or even a mouse does, hence the act of abortion does not inflict harm to the fetus. Work Cited Carrier, Richard C. Abortion is not Immoral and Should not be Illegal . 30 November 2005.  Ã‚   Internet Infidels. 31 February 2008  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/debates/secularist/abortion/carrier1.html.

What Is Meant By Personality Dynamics Psychology Essay

What Is Meant By Personality Dynamics Psychology Essay Every person is unique not merely, because people are genetically different. On the contrary, identical twins have the same DNA. However, despite the similarity, the twins will still be two different persons. This implies that there are certain qualities that set a person apart from the others. Theoretically, this will involve the manner of nurturance or upbringing. Nonetheless, this does not account on the divergence among different persons thoughts, aspirations, behaviors, preferences, feelings, and reactions. Across the centuries, the notion that thinkers came up with to explain and or describe the similarities and differences in the individuality that each person possess is known as personality. In a stricter sense, Susan C. Cloninger defined personality as the underlying causes within the person of individual behavior and experience (2008; 2). Personalities differ from one group of traits to another. More than 2000 years ago, Hippocrates had already separated four types of temperament to describe people. He made four basic categories namely: choleric, melancholic, sanguine and phlegmatic (Colininger, 2008; 3). Describing personality requires the evaluation of its type, factors and traits. Colininger explained that personality dynamics are the mechanisms by which personality is expressed (2008;5). Motivations influence the personality. Motivations are the underlying reasons or caused that drive the person to act in certain ways. Different psychologists have different speculations about the motivational factors that underlie personality. Freud argued that sexual urges are the source of motivation while Carl Rogers believed that the motivation has developmental roots. Alfred Alder and Rudolf Dreikurs asserts that personality motivations involve being goal-oriented and a process of self-creation (9). In the same context, Henry Murray put forward that there are interrelated motivations that affects the personality. All of these motivational theories imply that people react to the changes in themselves and their environment. Personality dynamics denote that personality is something that develops in the persons consciousness. The reaction shows growth and progress in the individual. Personal dynamics as a whole require the person to adapt and to adjust in his living environment and situation. How do cognitive processes and culture relate to personality dynamics? In the study of personality dynamics and the exploration of motivational factors, it is inevitable to include the process and function of cognition into the equation. For the most part, cognition refers to the manner of perception. Cognitive processes therefore include the thinking and the learning development of an individual. In the Psychoanalytic theory, Freud emphasized that the personality dynamics is consist of the ways in which psychic energy us distributed to the id, ego and superego (Corey, 2009; p. 61). Freuds theory revolves around the idea that the cognitive process only happens during the conscious state. Thus, Freud proposed that conscious thought plays only a limited role in personality dynamics (Cloninger, 2008; p. 5). The ego represents consciousness while the superego represents the unconsciousness. The emphasis given by Freud on the superegos role in personality dynamics raised several questions among the thinkers specifically because behavior are predictable and c oping patterns are recognizable. Moreover, humans are able to distinguish how their experiences or previous knowledge affects their future decisions, actions and reactions. The previous knowledge that the person holds is largely determined by the culture in which the person belongs. Personality is not something innate to the individual. Despite the fact that genes affect the capacity of the human physiology, it is obvious that the beliefs, traditions and even the language that the person holds greatly shaped his personality. Consider how the Christian culture and conservative ideologies are related to introvert personalities. The multiculturalism that the United States espouses encouraged individualism that encourages extraverted and assertive behavior (Cloninger, 2008; p. 6). These observations illuminate the fact that the culture in a society affects the individual personality of a person. Carl Jung developed his analytical psychology, which divided the personality dynamics into introverted and extroverted personality. According to Corey, Jung acknowledged, we are not merely shaped by past events, but we are influenced by our future as well (p. 79). J ung also explained that there is a collective unconsciousà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦containing the accumulation of inherited experiences of human and pre-human species (p. 80). This collective unconscious derived from historical experiences and future insights affects the motivations of a person. What are some important influences on personality development? Clearly, personality is not something that encrypted into the persons mind when he was born. Personality is something that develops out of the persons interaction to other people and the environment. Moreover, personality is not something permanent. It could change or develop or progress depending on the individuals reaction towards event and circumstances in life. In relation to the process of development, Cloninger explained that biological influences and social development influences are the two major factors that affects the development of personality. The biological influences are those behavior that are observable and consistent behavior from birth onwards. This consistency in behavior and emotional reactions present from early life onward is called temperament (Cloninger, 2008 p. 6). Modern scientific findings seems to support the claim that personality is significantly influenced by hereditary (2008, p. 6). This does not mean that genes alone determine the personality of the person because the biological person needs to adapt into the environment as well. In this regard, one could observe that as a person grows older, their personality changes. The person does not only develop physical but also psychologically. The changes in the persons cognitive skills could also help establish the fact that personality develops. Furthermore, most of the theorist in personality believes that the experiences in childhood greatly affect the current psychological state of mind of the adult person. The evidence of this claim lies on the possibiliyu of developing skills and acquiring knowledge. Aside from the cognitive development, the persons emotions are also considered to affect their personality when they enter adulthood. For instance, if the parent-child relationship during childhood years is not satisfactory, then the child also might neglect his/her offspring in the future or they might shower the child with excessive love and affection. This implies that childhood experiences affects personality development. From this perspective, it could be sur mised that personality is not solely determine by genetics and personality could change over time.

The Characters Metamorphoses In Shakespeare’s Tempest-Universe Essays

The Characters' Metamorphoses In Shakespeare’s Tempest-Universe In the play The Tempest, Shakespeare provides a unique and alternate universe for his characters to function in on the magical island. In this universe there are both native characters: Prospero, Miranda, Ariel, and Caliban, who have lived on the island previously, and external world characters, namely: Alonso, Ferdinand, Antonio, Sebastian, Stephano, Trinculo, and Gonzalo, who have been forced upon the island. While the different characters' histories cross paths in the past, the clear and present division between the two groups' immediate situation represents the division in their differing kind of spiritual journey. That is, while the natives seek rejuvenation from isolation outward, the shipwrecked characters seek rejuvenation from the outside world inward, on an island of solitude. As David Bevington notes in the introduction to the Bantam edition of the text: Shakespeare creates in The Tempest an idealized world of imagination, a place of magical rejuvenation like the forests of A Midsummer Night's Dream and As You Like It. Yet the journey is no escape from reality, for the island shows men what they are and what they ought to be. Even its location juxtaposes "real" world with idealized landscape: like Plato's New Atlantis or Thomas More's Utopia, Shakespeare's island is to be found both somewhere and nowhere. (xvii) In this Tempest-universe Prospero rules as a kind of artist-king, creator, and magician. Invested with these qualities he represents the God-figure of the universe, effecting change in others, while consistently demonstrating God-like qualities in himself: the ability to perform miracles, grace, and forgiveness. Ul... ...and Dreamworks, 2000. -Eliot, T.S. The Complete Poems and Plays. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1980. -Howse, Ernest Marshall. Spiritual Values in Shakespeare. New York: Abingdon Press, 1955. -Hunter, Robert Grams. Shakespeare and the Comedy of Forgiveness. New York: Columiba University Press, 1966. -Knight, G. Wilson. Myth and Miracle: An Essay on the Mystic Symbolism of Shakepeare. London: Ed. J. Burrow & Co., LTD., 1929. -Shakespeare, William. The Norton Shakespeare: As You Like It. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1997. -Shakespeare, William. The Norton Shakespeare: Hamlet. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1997. -Shakespeare, William. The Norton Shakespeare: Macbeth. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1997. -West, Robert H. Ceremonial Magic in The Tempest. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1964.

George III of Britain: Popular with the People, but not with Parliament

George III of Britain: Popular with the People, but not with Parliament Although history has labeled King George III of Britain primarily as the â€Å"mad† king responsible for the loss of America, a closer look at the 1780s, the heart of his reign, proves George III to be a particularly effective monarch rather than the bungling idiot some scholars have dubbed him. George III’s effectiveness, during the 1780s, stemmed from his immense popularity with the common people, which lay in direct contrast to his lack of popularity with Parliament. The popularity that George III enjoyed with the masses was largely due to his personal integrity and moral character, and his lack of popularity with Parliament was a result of his desire to reclaim the monarchial power lost in the reigns of George I and II. The popularity George III held with the masses ought to first be considered in light of his Hanoverian predecessors. Neither George I nor George II held the British throne in high esteem. In fact George I, the first of the Hanoverian monarchs, viewed his ascension to the British throne as little more than an opportunity to â€Å"enhance his prestige amongst the other Electors of the Holy Roman Empire† (Clark and Ridley 13). He also saw England as a means, with considerable resources, to ensure the safety of his beloved Hanover. This attitude of ambivalence resulted in George Is leaving the duties of running Great Britain to Parliament while the king acted as little more than a figure-head. George II acted likewise leaving the main governing of Britain to Parliament and failing to be a truly active monarch, instead indulging his attentions in wine and women rather than the politics of the day. Needless to say George III's desire to... ...t for a private funeral. And â€Å"shops throughout England, Scotland and Wales shut for the occasion which spawned a vast array of sermons and homilies on the ‘sainted remains of our dear king† (Colley 94). King George III died a beloved and well-respected monarch whose popularity was unequaled in his time. Works Cited Bloy, Marjie. â€Å"The Age of George III.† A Web of English History. Jul. 2003. 10 Nov. 2003 . Brooke, John. King George III. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972. Clarke, John, and Jasper Ridley. The Houses of Hanover & Saxe-Coburg Gotha. Los Angeles: Cassell & Co, 2000. Colley, Linda. â€Å"The Apotheosis of George III: Loyalty, Royalty and the British Nation 1760-1820.† Past and Present No. (Feb., 1984), 94-129. White, R. J. The Age of George III. New York: Walker and Company, 1968.

Essay --

The Compson family has three sons; Benjamin (Benjy), Quentin, and Jason, along with a daughter, Candace (Caddy). Benjy is the youngest son of the family and is mentally disabled, Quentin is the oldest son of the family and is the only child of the family who is trying to find some meaning of life, and Jason is the son who can care less about love and family. Caddy on the other hand, is the most important character in the novel, whose views are shown less, and others views on her are shown alot more, being a big part of the novel. Their parents Mr. and Mrs. Compson do not show much love for their children. The only child Mrs. Compson shows some love for is Jason, who perhaps doesn’t care about her love and is actually the worst of the children. William Faulkner dedicates the first three sections of the novel to the three sons of the Compson family, and saves the last one for himself. Even though Caddy is the most important character in the novel, Faulkner does not have a whol e section on her, instead every section reflects on her life. Benjy is a speechless â€Å"idiot†, who can’t really do anything to get things straight, yet he can sense when something good or bad is happening. When anything bad happens, all Benjy does is moan and cry. Benjy remembers all the bad things that happened to him. Benjy wanted his mother to love him and always be there for him, yet she didn’t care much about him and never really loved him, which is why at a young age, Caddy took care of Benjy. Benjy loved Caddy very much and saw her as the only pure, loveable person. When Caddy loss her virginity, it really bothered Benjy and all he could do was mourn and cry. Earlier in the novel, when Caddy was a young girl and had a muddy underwear, it foreshadowed ... ...use he was planning on committing suicide. Quentin just wanted Caddy to be protected and for her to stay away from other men. Like Benjy, Quentin never had his mother’s love. This is why they both see Caddy as a mother figure. Quentin wanted his mother to always be with him, yet she was never there for him. Quentin said in the novel, on page 172; â€Å"If I’d just had a mother so I could say mother, mother†. Quentin really wished he had his mother’s love. Mrs. Compson didn’t care much about her other children as much as she did for her son Jason. Mrs. Compson only showed her love for Jason, even though Jason is perhaps the worst of the children. Mrs. Compson only trusted Jason out of all four of her children. Jason took advantage of his mother and stole large amounts of money from his mother. Jason doesn’t really care about anyone, but himself. Jason hates all women

Analysis of graduation Essay

During the mid nineteen hundreds, racial segregation was prevalent in the United States, especially in the South. In the essay, â€Å"Graduation† Maya Angelou tells about her experience of graduating from the eighth grade in Stamps, Arkansas. In today’s society, a graduating ceremony is exciting for all, however, it is not uncommon. Often, people take these type of experiences for granted. This was not the case for Angelou. To her, having a graduating ceremony in her hometown was considered a privilege. The writer structures the essay to evoke feelings from her readers and to get her point across. Angelou uses literary elements to convey the overall point of the essay, starting with the title. â€Å"Graduation† references the commencement ceremony that takes place during the essay. It implies a pronouncement of the writer moving on and growing up. Structure helps convey the main reason the writer wrote this essay. The essay is structured in a way that the reader can feel empathy for the writer and understand what she and her community were dealing with during the nineteen forties. Also, Angelou structures her essay to show how the experience, both the good and the bad, helped her to understand herself. Tone plays an important role in conveying the overall point of Angelou’s essay. There are two major shifts that occur throughout the essay. The essay started off with an excited and happy tone about it. When Angelou writes, â€Å"The children in Stamps trembled visibly with anticipation. Some adults were excited too, but to be certain the whole young population had come down with graduation epidemic† (15) it exemplifies the happy tone of the essay. Angelou was thrilled to finally be graduating and moving on to all the possibilities life would bring her. However, in the middle of the essay the tone completely shifts in the opposite direction. Once the two white politicians walk on stage, the entire atmosphere of the graduation changes. Angelou expresses that her mood has changed when she says, â€Å"The man’s dead words fell like brinks around the auditorium and too many fell in my belly† (21). The racist nature of his remarks were not clear to him but still managed to make Angelou feel little, as if she could never amount to  anything. The writer includes this in her essay to reflect her pain and to show how one man had such a negative effect on everyone attending the ceremony. Fortunately, toward the end of the essay, the tone shifts back to being happy, joyful and somewhat hopeful. When Henry Reed lead the students in the singing of the Negro National Anthem, it brought back a sense of unity to the community. For the first time Angelou truly heard the lyrics and they finally gave meaning to her; she felt optimistic of what could come in her future. Not only does Angelou use literary elements in the essay, she also includes important details to reference to the specific time period. A big part of the message Angelou is trying to convey is the racial segregation that is taking place. In the beginning of the essay, the writer compares the white and black schools to each other. She goes on to define the black school by what it lacks, â€Å"neither lawn, nor hedges, nor tennis courts, nor climbing ivy† (16). This reveals a clear illustration of what the white schools were given and how unimportant and unattended to the black schools were. Bigger than that, it defines society’s priorities in the nineteen forties. Another prime example of the lack of importance on the black communities was the name of the school, Layfette County Training School. Black schools were called â€Å"training schools† because it was believed blacks didn’t need a real education. Black schools did not focused on further education, mainly because they weren’t given equal opportunities to do so. When Donleavy is referring to the graduates as future athletes and nothing else, it’s an insult to them because he’s implying that they can never amount to anything greater than that. Angelou includes these details in the essay to show the type of attitude white people had toward the black community. The overall reason for Angelou to write a piece that holds as much meaning as â€Å"Graduation† was to share her experiences with the world. She wanted to make readers aware of the reality of racism. She allows the reader to understand, and for some maybe even relate. A deeper message Angelou wanted to convey with the reader is that no one person, no matter the color of their skin, should be able to put a person down. A day that was supposed to be one of the happiest in her life was made ugly by the racist remarks of a white man. Seeing Angelou overcome that with the help of her classmate Henry was a powerful thing. Using specific structure, tone shifts and important references to the time period the writer was able  to write an essay that was both thought-provoking and emotional. Angelou not only wrote for the entertainment of her readers, she wanted to teach readers the reality of racism. But beyond that, she showed them how one man’s words or actions were not going to keep her down. Angelou wrote about something that wasn’t talked about often, black graduations, and with the writing techniques she used turned it into a famous book.

James Berardinelli. “Twelve Monkeys” Essay

12 monkeys Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the movie ‘12 monkeys’ there was a virus which was deliberately released in 1996 and killed more than five billion people. The survivors went to seek refuge into the underground sending volunteers to bring insect specimen from the universe to test for the virus presence. One of the sent prisoners is James cole who goes is given a chance to go back to 1996 but he is taken to 1990 instead. He remembers things as if he was in a dream. Among the things is where he remembers witnessing a man being killed in the airport while he was a child. This is what is always seen to be the Centre stage in whole movie (Lynette, 3). Below is a discussion on how mental illness can be judged on this particular movie for part one, part two discusses the definition of mental illness in regard to the social norms and believes, with part three closing with the discussion of how Cole’s experience relate to Plato’s allegory of the cave.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this film, mental illness is featured in many instances for instance, when Jose mentions that the so called volunteers are said to go mad. This presents a clear show of mental illness in the movie. We also notice cole being locked up in the mental institution with other lunatics, showing that there were other many lunatics present. Goines is definitely crazy or schizoid because of his hallucinating and grandiosity nature. Dr. Railly, the psychiatrist alludes that may be the whole world may be insane. We really don’t understand if cole was really from the futureor was he ‘mentally divergent’. We notice cole questioning his mental capabilities, where he asks himself if it could not be great if he was crazy. Simultaneously the Dr. is convinced that he is from the furfure of which we know that this can not be right (Lynette, 8). If he was really sane and from the furfure, then how can one explain the voice that he hears, the one he calls bum calling him Bob, what of the changing guard faces what of the fact that he is never seen coming or leaving and his memory lapses? We really can’t know the physical divergence he claims to have because one can’t explain his fore knowledge about the boy in the well. The appearances in the world War onephotos and the bullets in his leg. In short, this movie seems to be implying that we may not be mentally ill or weird than the world we live.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Relative to the social believes and norms, mental illness or abnormality can be seen as not being an exact process as it tends to focus on different individuals with different lines of thinking. This relies on different situations, behaviors and context to which the measurement is applied (Weinberger ,2001)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In defining abnormality, people from different societies and countries have varied ideas. Each and every culture has its own concepts of what it considers to be normal or abnormal. This can make us conclude that what is considered as abnormal in one society is not the same in other societies. So, there is no society which is mere superior than the other in their perception of mental illness or one society has got many mental disorders than the other (American Psychiatric Association. 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If we look at the deviation from the norms, something or somebody can be considered abnormal if does not conform to what could be considered statistically abnormal. Those who focus on this aspect, only consider specific aspects. For instance, the intelligence quotient (IQ), the personal traits and their distribution. Asserting that a person is is abnormal in this aspect typically means that they deviate from the numeric average of a specific trait and behavior patterns.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The other mostly applied aspect in examining the mental illness of people is the deviation from the social norms. Naturally, some behaviors are considered as being not accepted in the society, but they can still be expected to be applied in certain situations. The majority of the population knows how to adjust and come along with these changes (Weinberger ,2001). The ones that contradict this are taken as abnormal or mentally ill on the extremes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also, a person is considered abnormal if he/she is not functioning correctly in that he or she may lack a full range of emotion and feelings and therefore his life is considered abnormal. These kinds of people can only be able to participate in only limited range of functioning lifestyle(American Psychiatric Association. 2000). Distress can also be used to gauge the mental illness capability of people as it could be an underlying mental problem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another aspect in the social norms definition of mental illness is the person’s association with others. If a person relation with others courses people to feel discomfort, it could be taken as these people are not mentally right. Along with this is the people’s unpredictable behavior which could much reflect on their mental health.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Cole’s experiences relate to the Plato’s’ allegatory of the cave’ as his allegations that the real world may not be what our senses reveal. In relation to the Cole’s experience, we see him moving from one world of the past to the furfure or the vice varsa. In real this could only be a dream or mere imaginations, this alludes that Cole’s experiences could be reflecting Plato’s thoughts or allegations. In his Dialogue with Glaucon, we are not sure of the cave which he was referring to, either it could be the underground that the people had escaped to after the virus struck the universe or the prison where Cole was imprisoned.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When he imagined that the prisoners could think that the sound that they heard were really coming from the shadows, it coincides with Cole seeing the changing face of the guard and that of omnipresence. His concepts on the shadows could reflect Cole’s switching from one world to another. Was what he saw from the 1990 world true or could it his experience from the 1996 and 2035? Which was the truer experience?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the last part of their discussion with Glaucon, he tells him that they, meaning the government, can not show any gratitude for the culture which they have never received. This could be reflecting the 12 monkeys who had released the virus that almost eliminated the human race according to the film. He said that with education on how to tackle issues, one will be able to defeat these ill minded people, reflecting Cole’s endeavors. References Roger Ebert (1996-01-05). â€Å"12 Monkeys†.Chicago Sun-TimesLynette Rice (August 26, 2013). â€Å"12 monkeys pilot†. Entertainment Weekly James Berardinelli. â€Å"Twelve Monkeys†.Reviews Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences Education, National Research Council. 2000. How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Weinberger, D., Torrey, E.F., and Berman, K. 2001. Schizophrenia PET scan. Retrieved July 13, 2008 American Psychiatric Association. 2000. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition The Allegory of the Cave http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/allegory.html Source document

Reflective Account of My Day at Work Essay

Yesterday I started my day at work at 7:30 am as I was rotted for an early shift as a duty manager for that day. I am following three weeks rolling rota with my colleagues from Senior Management Team (SMT). First of my responsibilities determined by Health and Safety at Work Act as well as our own Signing in Book Policy was to sign in the signing in book. This will ensure that it is known that I am in the building. All the staff coming on duty is required to sign in that book so organisation can keep the track of who is on site for example in case of fire: â€Å"Should the fire alarms go off it is the responsibility of the Team Coordinator to bring the Signing In Book to the assembly point for checking† (Signing in Book Policy) After that I went to the team office where I joined handover from night staff to morning team. â€Å"The Purpose of handover is to ensure the continuity and quality of care through good communication† states our Staff Handovers Policy and it is a lso one of the legal requirements (NMS 17.6). Last night was quiet and all Young People had a good night sleep. After making sure that our staff levels are appropriate for the number of Young People (NMS 17.1, The Children’s Home Regulations Act 2001 and Staffing Policy: â€Å"This policy has been created to ensure that each child is supported and taught appropriately and kept safe whilst accommodated within Our Place†.) I carried out my daily checks. This includes of making sure that teams carry out health and safety checks as well as housekeeping checks. This provides prove that our company ensures clean and safe environment for Young People in our service NMS 10. I didn’t find any short falls in the check books so I signed them off and the next piece of documentation I checked was MAR sheets (Medication Administration Record sheets). The Children’s Home Regulations Act 2001 – section 21 gives a very clear guidance for training, administration and record keeping of medication. Once again I didn’t find any faults or discrepancies. After I completed my daily checks I went to my desk in main office to catch up with my emails. After checking and replying to all my emails I started working on staff’s rota for currant month. Once again, as mentioned above (NMS 17.1, The Children’s Home Regulations Act 2001 and Staffing Policy: â€Å"This policy has been created to ensure that each child is supported and taught appropriately and kept safe whilst  accommodated within Our Place†.), it is my responsibility in organisation that home is staffed correctly and all the Young People are getting support required to meet their individual needs. It means booking our own staff for overtime shifts or using external agency if there are any gaps in our rota. Later on for rest of the rest of my day I was interviewing candidates for Support Worker role. Our company has got very thorough Recruitment & Selection Policy that gives a very clear guidance on the recruitment and selection process, starting with the section on â€Å"assessing the need for recruitment† and going thru all the steps of recruitment process in very detail (setting up recruitment file, advertising, sending out application packs, shortlisting candidates for interviews, interviewing, appointing candidates and eventually gaining the reference and DBS checks as part of safer recruitment and safeguarding Young People). Our Recruitment & Selection Policy is based on all relevant legislation (Children’s Act 1989, The Children’s Home Regulations Act 2001, National Minimum Standards, Keeping Children Safe in Education April 2014). In between the interviews I carried on with my electronic correspondence with Local Authorities, Parents or other external professionals and I also had my lunch break. In the afternoon I handed over everything to my colleague (Staff Handovers Policy, NMS 17.6) and I went home signing out in signing in book.

‘Eve Teasing’- a Social Curse

‘Eve Teasing in Bangladesh' -Causes and Remedies Introduction: Our Society is suffering from many social evils at the moment. One of the worst evils is the Eve Teasing. Now Eve teasing is one of the main threats for Bangladesh because it is destroying the social balance. Eve teasing is a euphemism used for public sexual harassment, street harassment or molestation of women by men, with Eve being a reference to the biblical Eve. It usually involves young men annoying girls or women by making sexual innuendos in public or in work places.School and College gates or the street is the main target of the wayward young men to disturb girls and women. Eve teasing begins as an attempt to irritate a girl or catch her attention. A lewd stare, a sly whistle, a well-timed clap, an unwarranted bump, a seemingly causal touch, a lingering look at a vulnerable time, the humming of suggestive song, passing downright uncouth comments, cheap gestures, display of indecent snaps or videos, giving â €Å"unwelcome call† or â€Å"missed call†, sending indecent texts †¦. all these are typical examples of eve teasing. Impacts of Eve Teasing: Eve teasing might seem harmless ‘fun' to some, but gets the nerve of the victims. The severe impact of eve teasing is taking away the lives of young girls as Bangladesh has witnessed recently. Based on empirical study (2008) the Hunger Project has identified some impacts of eve teasing in the society of rural Bangladesh. These are: a) Curtailed education: Sexual harassment increases girls’ drop-out rate from school.Parents concerned about their daughter's honour or safety sometimes keep their daughters home and/or marry them off at an early age. b) Early marriage: Girls who are teased or harassed are also pushed into marriage, before they are physically or mentally prepared. c) Hindered development: Eve teasing contributes to maintaining the low status of women. It also hinders women in participating in the forma l employment sector. d) Suicide cases: Teasing the young tender-hearted girls is increasing sharply day by day. The outcome is the serial suicide of many innocent girls.Ain-O-Shalish Kendra (ASK), a human rights organization has revealed that 14 girls and women, due to repression of stalkers, opted for ultimate destiny of their lives finding no other alternatives, over the past four months. Moreover, girls and their guardians are being attacked and sometimes murdered, because they protested against it. Causes: In a male dominant society like ours, eve teasing can be viewed as a rite of passage for boys on their way to becoming men. To the society, in general, being male signifies ‘powerful', while the female is always a ‘second sex' or weaker one.Our education has no moral stint, our religious exercises have become ritualistic. Electronic media, especially some movies (both Hindi and Bengali) may be blamed for propagating eve teasing. Many movies depict scenes of teasing , showing this behaviour as a way to win a woman's heart. One statistics suggests, 32% of the eve teasers are students, 35% are anti-socials while 33% are middle-aged men. So, the spectrum of eve teasers is very wide starting from teenagers to middle-aged men, either illiterate or educated. In our country, yet now there is no strict law that can effectively curb eve teasing.Article 76 of the Dhaka Metropolitan Police Ordinance 1976 of the Penal Code of 1860 affirms that any acts, conducts or verbal abuses that are used to disgrace women are punishable by law. However, these provisions seem minor compared with the crimes they commit. Sometimes, women are blamed for ‘alluring' eve teasers by their ‘seductive' dresses or make-ups. But the reality is, the majority girls who become the prey of eve teasers are from rural areas and they are more conservative in wearing dresses compared with their counterparts in the urban areas. Remedies: First of all we need to reduce the gend er segregation in the society.The boys should respect the opposite sex, as morality demands it, adding that they should not be unaware to the fact that they have families too. We also need to formulate a mass awareness programme in this context. Media, NGOs and other social organizations may play pivotal role in this respect. Policemen must be deployed and conscious and should punish such vagabonds where necessary. â€Å"Mobile courts† are now empowered to prosecute the crime of â€Å"Eve teasing†. Conviction brings a year in jail, a fine of $70, or both. Recently, the government is planning to introduce a strict law against eve teasing.No doubt, this is a timely step to move forward Conclusion: What we see happening today cannot be remedied by the application of law alone. What is needed most is the proactive and forceful role of the society to retrieve social and moral values which have eroded over the years. Education Ministry in Bangladesh has designated 13 June, 2 010 as Eve Teasing Protection Day. To reduce this crime, we must launch a social movement against this in addition to introducing punitive legal measures. However, all the steps will be futile unless the male segment of the society change its patriarchal mindset.

Price Controls Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Price Controls - Essay Example Price ceiling refers to the highest amount that can be charged for a product. Ceiling price controls determines the highest prices that might be charged for a particular commodity but do not limit transactions at lower prices below the ceiling price. On the other hand, price floor is the minimum amount charged for the product. However, just like in the case of price ceilings, price floor controls do not limit transactions at higher prices above the floor price (Newberry, 09). The government agency may be encouraged to fix and enforce the exact prices for which certain commodity or commodities may be sold. Alternatively, the government through the agency-as discussed above-might decides to set ceilings and floor prices for particular goods or services. The market prices determined by the interaction of the demand and supply curves are the basic building blocks for most economies. Consumers taste for a commodity will determine how much of the product they will be willing to buy at a given price. Consumers tend to buy more of a commodity as its prices declines (Newberry, 87). Companies in turn, decide on how much they will be willing to supply to the market at different prices. If consumers agree to pay more for a commodity, then more suppliers will be tempted to produce the product. The increased prices motivate manufacturers to increase their production capabilities by conducting research to improve the quality of the products. Therefore, the supply of goods in the market increases with an increase in the product’s price (Wise, 32). This dynamic interaction provides the equilibrium market price of the commodity where sellers and buyers can transact freely. The price that results from this interaction causes the quantity of goods being demanded by customers to be equal to the supply produced by manufacturers. In most countries, the government is going through hard times trying to control prices for some commodities. For instance, one of the critical issues that were facing American citizens by the year 2001 was how to manage prescription drug prices, particularly for senior who depend on Medicare coverage. Some policy makers at the time tried to encourage the government to directly contract with drug manufacturers to purchase drugs for the seniors-at the government set prices. However, despite numerous attempts by the policy maker, that kind of price control proved to be harmful to the American citizens. Considering the above example and many other similar cases, this paper will try to analyze the problems associated with price controls (Wise, 145). 2. Constitutional Issues affecting Price Control It is a common practice that every gov ernment will always gain favor from the voters and its constituents when it lowers prices of any popular commodity (Age?nor and Carlos, 89). That is, prices to some extent limit the welfare of an individual as it will reduce the amount of products consumed. Therefore, lowering the price will definitely increase the welfare of consumers especially if the prices are for popular good within a country. The government also gains favor from firms and lobbyists when it raises prices of some goods-that will earn them profits. Given these benefits to policymakers, you should not be surprised on discovering that price control is a common practice in history of most Western economies (Age?nor and Carl

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Assignment Example The measurement technique used was appropriate for the study, since the study took a sample of 204 students, which is a reasonable sample that is capable of giving valid results. The results of the reliability and/or validity measurements do not produce any caution in the possible replication of the study, but instead indicates a well undertaken study, where the results prove that the application of problem-based strategy is the most suitable for obtaining high learning achievements for primary school students. Case study 2 This case study applied quantitative measurement techniques, by sampling a total of 192 students from the sixth grade, to assess the effect of behavioral interactions and achievements of cooperative learning for group members who were trained to collaborate and facilitate each other's learning and those groups that were not trained, but merely instructed to help each other. The results of the study indicated that the members of the groups that were trained were co nsistently helpful to each other, compared to the groups that were not trained. ... The measurement technique applied was appropriate for the study, since random sampling was applied, which eliminated any chances of bias. Additionally, the samples picked were constituted of a suitable ratio of the high-ability, medium-ability and low-ability students. The results of the reliability and/or validity measurements do not produce any caution in the possible replication of the study. Case study 3 This case study applied quantitative measurement techniques, by sampling a total of 48 students to assess the influence of mastery and performance goals on the nature of children's collaborative participation while playing a problem-solving computer game with a peer. The results of the study indicated that those children who were assigned the mastery goals were involved in a very elaborate problem solving discussion, compared to the children who were assigned performance goals, who were observed to engage in a more help-seeking interaction, with a low level of meta-cognitive cont rol. The results further indicated that the instructions that were goal-focused are better placed to influence the nature and quality of children's paired interactions. Additionally, the study results showed that giving goal mastery instructions served to promote a highly collaborative interaction for the students. The measurement technique applied was appropriate for the study, since the sample of 48 students was further subdivided into two groups, comprising of the dispositional group, and the context-dependent group. Additionally, the children used as samples were organized based on the same gender, year group, and goal orientation, to ensure

Public and Private Partnership Barnhill school, Hillingdon Essay

Public and Private Partnership Barnhill school, Hillingdon - Essay Example The popularity of the PPPs has been likely to increase over the years as there are a greater number of such partnerships between the private and the public sector, where the public sector’s limited budgets persist the adoption of such a partnership and the private sector envisages opportunities of making profits through such partnerships. However, this partnership demands a close scrutiny in order to have a complete analysis of the outcomes that are required. The possibilities of the partnership between the two sectors is illustrated with the (Figure 1)As the figure illustrates at one extreme the public sector can fully take charge and responsibility of all the aspects of the service delivery including the infrastructure, whereas the private sector can also take up these responsibilities. However, there is a variation relative to a number of responsibilities taken up by both the sectors. In the ideal situation the PPPs help in capitalizing the strengths of the parties from bot h the sectors, so as to make the partnership mutually beneficial.A new school needed to be established in the Borough of Hillingdon by the Hillingdon Borough Council in order to provide additional space within the borough for educating 1450 school children, between the ages of 11 and 18 years (Ryan, 2004). The school required facilities that included assembly hall, dining area, catering facility, library, IT suite, sports hall a stimulating indoor environment, hence a complete construction of the building on the existing site. For this to take place Private Finance Initiative (PFI) was used as the route of procurement in order to make use of the public money in a better and effective way. The government policies were taken into consideration for the project that also required it to be environmentally, economically and socially sustainable (Garwood, Logan, Mills, & Willoughby). The Stakeholders to the project The PFI project (Broadbent & Laughlin, 1998) has two fundamental requiremen ts that it must demonstrate the value for money and also there should be transfer of risk from the public sector to the private sector. As for the value of money, it can be

Biomedical Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Biomedical Ethics - Essay Example Where Mary Anne Warren maintains that legal rights should not be extended to fetuses as doing so would violate women’s rights such as the right to self-determination for one, I concur that it would prove difficult to protect individual persons who share one body. This was evident in the Supreme Court’s decision in the Case of Ms. G (Thomas & Waluchow, 2002). The ruling further supports Warren’s position on the issue. I will conclude the paper stating that a fetus is also a person and thus deserves our moral respect but any right it may have comes only second to a higher right, that of the woman who bears it. This may sound harsh but it will be best to remember, as history has shown us with slavery, apartheid & abortion, that what is legal isn’t always going to be moral. For the subject of this paper, I will be treating a fetus’ moral right separately from its legal right. In discussing why birth, not conception, is morally significant, Mary Ann Warren presented several opposing assumptions. Believers of the intrinsic-properties assumption find that birth does not change any intrinsic properties of a fetus. Both fetuses & newborn infants almost have the same intrinsic properties. According to one believer, only the capacity of sentience, or being responsive, and the degree of such is a valid basis for moral standing. Warren argues other species would have a higher moral standing than infants if proven that these species are highly sentient. She further says that if the sentient criterion is true then all sentient beings should be treated as moral equals. Therefore, killing other sentient beings such as a mouse or a fly should be considered as immoral as killing an infant. Another philosopher claims that unless a being is capable of wanting to exist, it can’t have a right to life. Since neither an infant nor a fetus is self-aware then killing them wouldn’t be inherently

Developing a Christian Mind Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Developing a Christian Mind - Essay Example However, it also means, according to Strongs Concordance (Strong 7965), completeness, wholeness, health, peace, welfare, safety soundness, tranquility, prosperity, perfectness, fullness, rest, harmony, the absence of agitation or discord. Shalom is a blessing (The Refiners Fire). There are three levels of Christian relationship. We are called to be in relationship with God, with God’s creation, and with others (Lowe and Claiborne). Our relationship with God is the most basic and critical. That relationship was a gift to us, through Jesus, the life-giver. When Jesus ascended to heaven, he left us the Holy Spirit, so that his ministry is still alive, still dynamic, still with us. By tuning into the leading of the Holy Spirit, and responding to that leading, we can stay within God’s plan for our lives. In that way, God is not something far away and external to us, but is internal and immediate. This is the deepest source of peace, of wholeness, completeness, health, welfare, safety, soundness, tranquility, prosperity, perfectness, fullness, rest, harmony, the absence of agitation or discord. Shalom is God’s blessing. What that looks like, in operation, is that a Christian reads God’s Word, prays deeply, listens to the silence in which God speaks. The peace, Shalom, shows in action, in word, in expression, in patience, in gentleness, in modesty. It shows in a Christian’s embodiment of all the virtues that lead to the other levels. The next level is a Christian’s relationship to God’s creation. Loving God and feeling his love for us, leads us to a great respect for his creation. In the flight of each flamingo, in the wing pattern of each butterfly, in the purity of snow on a mountaintop, in the startle of lightening, in the reflection of creation in the still surface of a lake, in the mist from a thundering waterfall, in the paw of a squirrel, in the whir of the hummingbird, in the strength of an ant and the

Strategic Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Analysis - Research Paper Example The Gulf Region consists of six distinct member countries say Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (International Monetary Fund, 2003). The challenges experienced regarding tools and techniques used for the purpose of evaluation will also be analysed critically. PEST Analysis is a Strategic Management device used for scanning environmental variables in macro level of an economy to examine business prospects of a new organization in the economy or to understand the political, economic, social and technological factors that may influence business operations of an organization (Cullen, 2011). Apart from its stable business in the UK, Costa Coffee has expanded its business in emerging nations such as China, India, Pakistan as well as countries in Gulf Region. In this discussion, how the macroeconomic variables prevailing in the Gulf Region influence the operations of Costa Coffee will be evaluated. Political environment of Gulf Region works towards developing coordination, integration and inter connection among the member countries. Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is the regional intergovernmental body for controlling the economic and political matters arising out of those six countries (Enz, 2009). Hence, uniformity in trade regulations and tax structure can be experienced as a result of strict monitoring and control of GCC which helps foreign companies like Costa Coffee to expand their business in this region. In the post reform period, Government has taken the initiative to reduce the direct, indirect and corporate taxation to a great extent. Replacing the old tax structure with modern tax laws have resulted in severe cut down of tax rates from as high as 55% in Kuwait to as low as 10% in Qatar. Corporate tax has also been range bounded between 10% and 20%. Such enhanced fiscal policy taken by Gulf Countries,

The meaning of word forgetfulness in works of Bill Collins Essay

The meaning of word forgetfulness in works of Bill Collins - Essay Example This is very much the case in Billy Collins pointed â€Å"forgetfulness†. As a means of identifying the subject and theme of this point, discussing the logical development of ideas, analyzing the language, and measuring the degree of imagery metaphors and symbolism, it is the hope of this author that this brief analysis will be able to shed a particular level of light upon direct and indirect meaning that Collins necessarily sought to integrate with the reader. Firstly, with regards the subject in one, this is quite busy stated within its title, â€Å"forgetfulness†. Rather than discussing such a topic in a nuanced and ultimately nonlinear way, the author delves directly into the subject matter and forces the reader to realize that no matter what countermeasures that might take, they too are ultimately doomed to follow the same universal path of losing one’s memories, the ability to recollect, and ultimately the means by which ones reality is defined. As such, th e logical development on takes begins by discussing the way in which certain memories are lost. This of course proceeds within the constructs of discussing how additional memory with respect to activities of varying importance is also lost as an individual grows and develops. The logical and linear way in which this is presented begins by discussing the way in which the young adult first begins to lose sight an understanding of the importance of quadratic equations learned in high school. However, the logical progression that this takes in his with the individual getting up late into the night seeking to look up curious aspects of dates facts and figures that should have otherwise been remembered. Although it is not expressly referenced, the reader can gain the understanding of the fact that, due to the universal nature of the elements of forgetfulness, as well is the way in which the poet describes it, the author and the reality which defines his own life is equally effective. One of the most effective ways in which the subject matter integrates with reader is with respect to the way in which simplistic and Standard English is utilized. One of the reasons why this might have been done with regards to the fact the entire point is related with regards to how the punches might speak to the individual to convince them of the fact that their memory and ability to recall is ultimately failing. Within such a context, it would be no need for elevated language as conversation within the inner self would necessarily be some plastic and straightforward. Similarly, symbolism and imagery are heavily utilized throughout one as a means of presenting the reader with the understanding that old age and forget not only give but are also unavoidable. Says the poet, â€Å"as if, one by one, the memories you used to harbor/decided to retire to the southern hemisphere of the brain/to a little fishing village where there are no  phones† (Collins 1). Furthermore, the poet st ates concerning memories, â€Å"It has floated away down a dark mythological river/whose name begins with an L as far as you can recall/well on your own way to oblivion where you will join those/who have even forgotten how to swim and how to ride a bicycle† (Collins 1). By utilizing such imagery and symbolism, the author is able to paint a vivid picture of the way in which old age is related to retirement; and how forgetfulness and old age are irrevocably linked to the decline and death that awaits everyone. Though no formal rhyming mechanism was utilized, appointment nonetheless held a level of integrity due to the fact that it observed the justifiable structure. With regards to personal thoughts and takeaways, it is the understanding of this student that the particular point in question had the

Scriptures of Rig Veda in Hinduism Essay Example for Free

Scriptures of Rig Veda in Hinduism Essay The Shinto theory of creation of universe holds a remarkable similarity with the theories propagated in scriptures of Rig Veda in Hinduism. Though apparently both the religions have flourished in completely isolation, the theories of creation propounded by Shinto religion bears a significant similarity to Hinduism particularly in description of evolution of earth and the succession of human beings from Gods. The belief of God as being the originator of entire creation is central to both. While Shinto describes the world before creation as a mixture of dark and bright parts of cloud, Rig-veda asserts that in the beginning only darkness prevailed, completely devoid of any sign of existence in the form of light, air, or ether. . Only God was present to initiate the evolution. According to Shinto, after the separation of heaven from earth, depending upon the density of waste material and the proportion of brightness and weight, a reed was born between earth and heaven. It is cited that the first God Kuni-toko-tachi no Mikoto was born from this reed. Interestingly, Rig Ved also cites a passage tellling that Lord Brahma, who is believed to be the father (creator) of universe in hinduism, was born out of a flower. However, unlike Lord Kuni-toko-tachi no Mikoto , Lord Brahma was born from a flower that grew from the stomach of Lord Vishnu. Both Lord Kuni-toko-tachi no Mikoto and Lord Brahma are one of the first Gods in Shinto and Hindu religion respectively and bear a plant as the cause of their birth. Both the theories give a sequential detail of formationm of earth and its components, beginning form prevailing darkness to the formation of different components of light. Shinto, however, gives a comparatively unique and consistent theory of creation whereas the details provided by Rig Veda are multi-faceted and at many occasions, inconsistent. While some portions of Rig-Veda describe Brahma as Lord Shiva as the first God, creator of the system, some other passages have described Lord Vishnu as the originator and driving force behind the universe. It is mentioned that all the Gods had been created form the pores of the body of Lord Vishnu. As far as the physical developments of planetary systems and earth are concerned, many a times, both the theories prescribe a sequence of events evidently similar. The evolution of earth from darkness, formation of water, and emergence of life in water has been prescribed in both the theories, though these details are frequently confused by the inclusion of different roles played by different Gods. Shinto proclaims that Izanagi, the second god created by the First God carved an island by immersing his spear in an ocean and thendrippng the water on it, which turned itself into a mass of land, which later turned out to become the habitat of Izanagi, and his wife, Izanami. They later made more islands and Japan was thus born. Shinto, also gives a detailed explanation of the formation and evolution of earth and other solar components, again infused by the dramatic and, at several occasions, confusing roles played by different Gods.

Beauty of Nature Essay Example for Free

Beauty of Nature Essay Nature can bring a lot of beauty into our lives. Nature has a way of affecting our moods and it can force us to change our plans. Nature is responsible for the sun, clouds, rain, and snow. When it is sunny and bright outside, we feel cheerful inside. When it is cloudy and rainy, we often feel gloomy. When there is a beautiful and starry night, the moonlight makes us feel romantic. William Wordsworth in his poem â€Å"Daffodils gives the romantic in nature; the beauty of nature as I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high oer vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. Nature can set a sky aflame at sunset or magically transform a familiar landscape into a snow-white wonderland. It can paint a rainbow in the sky, paint beautiful autumn colors on trees, or paint a clump of daffodils in the grass with glow of soft sunlight. When we wake and see a sunrise, when we walk and feel a breeze, when we gaze at the mountains and the splendor of the seas, when we see the earth renew its beauty at each season of the year, and when the stars shine at night, we should be so very thankful to the Lord for giving us all these wonderful and miraculous things. This poetic line substantiates this The whistle of the wind rushing past my face, Looking for the exit so it can leave this place; The branches sway and the leaves begin to fall, I can hear the birds now, sending me their call. When we see the leaves budding on a tree or when a timid flower pushes through the frozen ground, or when we smell the freshness of spring, new  hope will always come to us. Nature is truly an intrinsic part of our lives.

Relationship between Binge Eating and Stress

Relationship between Binge Eating and Stress Binge Eating and Stress: Is it Behavioral or Biological? ABSTRACT Stress is often inevitable in today’s fast paced world. People are struggling with positive coping mechanisms to deal with everyday life stressors. Binge eating (BE) can arise from maladaptive coping mechanisms that can be triggered from stress. Research has been limited in categorizing binge eating as either behavioral or biological due to BE being a recent disorder discovery and its overlap between neural and psychological dependence. This review aims to explain the differences between biological and psychological associations and the correlation stress has in both aspects of BE. Key Words: Binge Eating, Stress, Eating Disorder, Food Addiction, Psychological Dependence INTRODUCTION At some point in their lives, people have experienced some form of stress that lead them to turn to coping mechanisms to overcome the stressor(s). Work, college, family, and the pursuit of happiness can consume an individual to perform at optimum, sometimes unrealistic levels. In today’s world, college students and young professionals report the highest levels of stress compared to older generations. Thirty-nine percent of Millennials say their stress has increased in the last year, compared to 36 percent of Generation Xers, 33 percent of Baby Boomers and 29 percent of Matures (Stress by Genarations, 2012).   The form in which people deal with stress varies from individual but maladaptive forms of coping mechanisms such as Binge eating are becoming more popular among young individuals, particularly women (Fischer, 2017).   Binge Eating (BE) is consuming a very large amount of food within a short period of time with no sense of control over one’s eating, and no purgi ng afterwards (Parakeh).   People who have low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, body image issues, dieting obsessed, compulsive tendencies and academic perfection goals are more likely to develop an eating disorder such as BE (Cain, 2008).   BE so far has been classified as an eating disorder along with Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia (Hardway, 2015), but there are more underlying symptoms that make it difficult to categorize under purely addictive psychological dependence or if it’s a neural response to stress. Psychological conditions such as depression, anxiety and low-self-esteem can manifest themselves when triggered by a situation or stressor that would make the individual turn to BE for relief or avoidance (Shelton, 2010). According to the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), which is a measure to identify individuals show signs related to substance dependence with the consumption of high fat/high sugar food such as food addiction (YFAS) individuals whose symptoms fit u nder YFAS have a strong correlation to food addiction. The YFAS proposes that the characteristics of binge eating goes hand in hand with what currently qualifies as substance dependence. Also, scores on the YFAS predicted binge eating behavior and emotional eating in a study of obese women who were dieting (Parylak, 2011). Alternatively, studies have been conducted that have found when stress levels are high, individuals are more likely to gravitate towards high-fat, high-sugar palatable foods in excess versus times of little to no stress. Neuronal activity monitored by a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) showed activation of various limbic system areas such as, the right amygdala (emotions, motivation), Cingulate cortex (emotion formation, memory), Hippocampus (regulates emotions), and Putamen (movement of limbs) (Figure 1, 2 and 3) (Born, 2010). Stress response initiates itself in the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic-adrenomedullary (SAM) sy stem (Adam, 2007). The overlapping and differential aspects of stress induced BE in the biological or psychological aspect have not yet been reviewed and the purpose of this review is to compare both sides, using research already done in both areas to determine how stress-induced BE should be categorized. Stress and Categories The Neuronal Approach Studies have been done to research the effects of stress on the brain mostly on animals like mice. The studies have revealed that in rats, stress can lead to choosing of lards and sugars over other foods (Adam, 2007). A study done relating animal and human literature took focus on the neuroendocrine mediators, insulin and cortisol and reviewed the neural circuitry of the reward system that is linked with food (Adam, 2007). Animal models resulted in glucocorticoids allowing for more pleasurable food intake and the consumption of drugs. A tail pinch in rats is considered a stressor and when the tail is pinched the rat would eat more caloric dense food. After a 24 hour rest period the rat would not eat to compensate for the calories taken in. However, if the tail pinching was consistent, the rat would eat more and still ate during the rest period. This can equate into human terms, as how constant severe stressors, for example college finals happening at the same time four research papers are due, and fast food available virtually everywhere can lead a very stressed person into a consumption frenzy of unlimited caloric dense food (Adam, 2007). The activation of the HPA axis as well as other transmitters accounts for the release of endogenous opioids which affect the body by trying to relax it when it’s in a heightened state. When the opioids are released (as response to a stressor) they contribute to the consumption of high-fat/high-sugar foods, and likewise these palatable foods sustain the release of the opioids. Therefore, if food is concluded to shut down stress pathways as before mentioned, (deactivating the HPA axis), so there’s not a continuous influx of stressful signal transduction (such as adrenaline release), and food is a coping mechanism of choice, then neurologically a stressed-out person is wired to seek out fatty foods to compensate for the amounts of stress triggering reactions in their body (Adam, 2007). In another research study, human subjects were tested under stressful and non-stressful conditions (a solvable math test and an unsolvable math test), given two fMRI’s and five blood tests. The test subjects were then asked to choose what kind of food appealed to them more after the test and a meal was also given before of their choosing. The results indicated that under stress food intake was larger than non-stressed. Subjects would have higher energy intake, protein intake and carbohydrate intake compared with the non-stressed subjects, as foods that were more palatable were chosen (higher in sugar, fat, salt, and more textured) (Born, 2010). These results correlate with other studies mentioned in this research, that also stated that stressed subjects have higher energy intakes therefore they tend to eat more nutrient dense foods compared to those who are not stressed. The areas of the brain that were stimulated were those that are linked to the reward system. The reward system is a dependence system is the brain that is activated by pleasurable foods, and drugs that leave the feeling of one wanting more. Constant stimulation of the reward system leads to desensitization which will increase the craving for palatable foods and have neurobiological adaptions to stimulate eating when not hungry. (Adam, 2007). The fMRI scans show regions of the limbic system that were activated when stressed given the choice to choose foods that were appealing (Figures 1,2 and 3) (Born, 2010). Brain reward in eating in the absence of hunger Figure 1. Sagittal (a), coronal (b) and transversal (c) sections, showing the GLM contrast of choosing something versus choosing nothing. Significant activation is visible in the left frontal cortex ( 21, 58, 13; Po0.05 FDR corrected). (Photo taken from Born, 2010). Figure 2. Two sagittal (a, b) sections at different planes and a transversal (c) section with the GLM contrast of choosing breakfast versus choosing a meal postprandially. There is a clear activation in the orbitofrontal cortex (3, 48, 1), frontal cortex (13, 61, 20 and 12, 63, 21) and putamen (18, 5, 5; Po0.05 FDR corrected). (Photo taken from Born 2010). Figure 3. Sagittal (a), coronal (b) and transversal (c) sections, showing the GLM contrast rest condition versus stress condition. Significant activation in present in the putamen (22, 4, 3 and 23, 11, 4) and the orbitofrontal cortex ( 8, 28, 6, Po0.05 FDR corrected). (Photo taken from Born, 2010). A sleep study was conducted identifying lack of sleep as a stressor. This is a common stressor of many college students for example that are loaded with excessive workloads, and young professionals who must meet the demands of their job fields. Subjects spent six days in bed for 9 hours or 4 hours and were submitted to MRI scanning on the sixth day and shown images of high and low calorie foods as well as nonfood items. The results showed overall neuronal activity was greater after restricted sleep than habitual sleep in response to food images. There was also more brain activity in areas of the brain associated with the reward pathways (Orbital frontal Cortex, insula, and regions of the basal ganglia). The brain regions in which activity was detected are related to motivation and desire so individuals who are not getting enough sleep are more prone to binge eating (St. Onge, 2012). Similarly, research has been conducted on nocturnal eating in response to stress and it was found that nocturnal eaters were more likely to binge eat than their counterparts. The stressors in this study were mostly psychological (self-esteem issues, body shaming, depression etc.) but as mentioned before if there is a lack of sleep it will trigger neuronal activity to seek out palatable food, and sometimes it is uncontrolled, leading to binge eating (Striegel-Moore, 2010).   Another study conducted previously tested subjects in a similar manner and found that those subjects with Night Eating Syndrome (NES) were also associated with binge eating (Colles, 2007). Obesity was concurrent with NES and most subjects that have NES were male according to Colles. The Psychological Approach Binge Eating is generally more closely associated with psychological factors such as depression, low self-esteem, poor body image perception, academic insufficiency, and weight-loss goals (Han, 2017). These factors are also closely associated to food addiction. Food addiction is defined just as substance addiction per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) (Parakeh). The interlacing of terms between food addiction and binge eating has to do with the psychological factors both terms have in common. BE is characterized by behavioral and psychological symptoms such as the frequency of binge episodes, the amount of food consumed, and their occurrence in the absence of hunger. BE is also usually followed by guilt and feelings of disgust, shame, or depression, whereas FA is strictly more of a lack of self-control driven by an impulse for gratification or escape.   Both have a loss of control and impulsivity driving the conditions however, food addiction does not equate into binge eating (Davis, 2016). Research has been conducted to explore these psychological factors and a study was done comparing BE and FA statistically. The results indicated that subjects who fall under similar factors in both BE and FA are more likely to experience more frequent binge eating episodes, stronger cravings for food, and elevated levels of impulsivity and depressive symptoms than those with only BED (Burrows, 2017). Therefore, there is a difference between the two terms, however when used in combination, the effects on an individual can be more severe in contrast if they were suffering from just BE or FA alone. Stress can intensify the effects of BE and FA, as studies have shown the closer the behavior between FA and BE then the more likely there will be underlying implicated stress and anxious and depressive mood (Parylak, 2011). In a Chinese study the effects of stress and its causation to binge eating was studied in adolescent girls whose main stressor was academic perfection. Results showed that adolescents with greater life event stress, earlier maladaptive schemas and higher levels of impulsivity displayed more severe binge eating (Zhu, 2015). Therefore, adolescents who never learned positive coping mechanisms and were exposed to strong life stressors, were more likely to engage in binge eating. This is potentially dangerous among Millennial populations since it is possible they may have not learned positive coping mechanisms in adolescence and now many are in college where the pressure to excel academically is high. Healthy individuals who may not fit criteria for BE or FA can fall into either category depending on the level of stress associated in their lives, and how vulnerable they may be to psychological stressors (Hardaway, 2015). CONCLUSION Categorizing Binge Eating into either behavioral or biological categories is difficult because as research has shown components from both domains often interlace with one another. As discussed in this review many psychological stressors can give rise to neuronal activity that will biologically start a maladaptive cycle if the person is not equipped to handle the overwhelming stress. Unfortunately, diagnosis of BE is done incorrectly because patients are not always asked the appropriate questions regarding their eating habits. Diagnosis should take into consideration dopamine, opioid, acetylcholine, and serotonin neuro-circuitry that are associated within the brain reward regions, along with the psychological stressors (depression, self-esteem etc) that could be troubling the patient (Fornaro, 2016). Experimental drugs should as Lisdexamfetamine, have been tested among patients with mild BE and were found to reduce occurrence of BE episodes compared to the placebo. Future trials concerning safety and long term effects of the drug are needed to deem the drug fit for clinical treatment of BE (Fornaro, 2016). Currently self-help techniques including monitoring mood, stress, and eating behavior are preferred to the pharmaceutical approach, however self-help in patients with BE is not effective as compared to those without reported BE (Wolff, 2000).    Future work could incorporate neuropsychology as to understand the processes of signal transduction that can lead to behavioral problems. The infusion of psychology and biology is crucial in trying to understand and ultimately treat binge eating caused by stress. As of now such research and studies are scarce combining both components in association with BE. This review aimed to clarify the distinction between psychological and neuronal categorization of stress induced binge eating. As mentioned through this review, it is inaccurate to try and place BE into one category, as both categories are often present in individuals suffering from BE. The greater the awareness of this subject, the more equipped work places, colleges, and individuals can be to recognize potential stressors and the effects they have on those who are vulnerable to psychological conditions. Works Cited Adam, Tanja  C., and Elissa  S. Epel. Stress, eating and the reward system.  Physiology & Behavior, vol.  91, no.  4,  2007, pp.  449-458.   Born, J.  M., et al. Acute stress and food-related reward activation in the brain during food choice during eating in the absence of hunger.  International Journal of Obesity, vol.  34, no.  1,  2009, pp.  172-181.   Burrows, Tracy, et al. Food Addiction, Binge Eating Disorder, and Obesity: Is There a Relationship?  Behavioral Sciences, vol.  7, no.  3,  2017, p.  54.   Cain, Angela  S., et al. Refining the relationships of perfectionism, self-efficacy, and stress to dieting and binge eating: Examining the appearance, interpersonal, and academic domains.  International Journal of Eating Disorders, vol.  41, no.  8,  2008, pp.  713-721.   Colles, S.  L., et al. Night eating syndrome and nocturnal snacking: association with obesity, binge eating and psychological distress.  International Journal of Obesity, vol.  31, no.  11,  2007, pp.  1722-1730.   Davis, Caroline. 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